It is mind boggling to imagine that an instrument can be physically built to recreate the conditions and energies that once existed after the start of the Big Bang. Surely not on the same level as the original Big Bang but the conditions of it on a micro scale. Once this is achieved, scientists at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) believe it will provide new knowledge about many unanswered question or ‘missing links’ in science and revolutionize our understanding of what is in atoms to the immensity of our universe. One possibility is to discover the unseen worlds or dimensions. Even more so, the answer to the Higgs boson particle can be achieved once the Large Hadrons Collider (LHC) begins its first operation in mid 2008 near Geneva, Switzerland.
A particle accelerator is used by physicists to understand the smallest fundamental particles in science. The Large Hadron Collider is the largest machine or particle accelerator ever built. The LHC is a circular tunnel with circumference of 26 659 m, 17 miles long, located 50 to 175 meters underground. The collider crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four locations but the ATLAS in which the collision of the particles will take place, is located in Geneva.
The LHC is made up of a 27 km circular particle racetrack, filled with two thousand super conducting magnets which make up the particle accelerator, around the tunnel are vast chambers which has the most complex cameras to detect the particles. The six billion euro collider will direct opposing beams from high-speed subatomic protons, which will complete one journey around the LHC and collide with each other at a point in the ATLAS. When the particle accelerator begins its operation it will be powered up with 12000 amps which will create a magnetic field that is one hundred thousands time stronger then the earths magnetic field. This is such a high magnetic field that it will accelerate the protons and antiprotons. The purpose of these magnets is to bend the particles along the circular collider as they accelerate at the speed of light and chill the particles with liquid helium at -217 degrees Celsius to maintain its speed. This will achieve energy close to 14 trillion electron volts or trillion times more powerful then the energy that is released by dynamite. LHC gives the protons and anti protons the energy to make them go at such a high speed that its almost as if the extra bit of energy goes missing and turns into mass which ultimately makes the particle heavier. The equation to which relates energy and mass was predicted by Einstein when he formulated E=mc2. To apply this knowledge, physicists come to ask what actually is mass?
Every second there will be eight hundred million collisions and as the protons fragment into different pieces which make up indivisible pieces that make up our universe. Physicist hopes to find the Higgs particle among the fragments due to the collision. The Higgs particle or Higgs boson is said to exist in the Standard Model of particles. It is the heaviest of the elementary particles, consisting of electrons and quark (protons and neutrons). The Higgs boson is important because it can explain how things get their mass and completes the Standard Model theory of all elementary particles and how they interact with other particles. Particle physicist explores particles, much like the electron in previous years, by colliding particles at almost the speed of light. A place where this is happen is in the Large Hadron Collider. Higgs boson is the only particle that has not been observed and the Higgs boson may or may not turn up at the LHC. Physicist can only find the answer once the collider is powered up for experiment to take place.
The LHC support the string theory in which the particles, much like strings, are put under great tension in order to become excited and create miniature black holes. The collision is told to be so catastrophic that it can create a black hole. The matter vanishing may result in a black hole, which could grow and drag in gravity and everything with it. Physicists believe that the black hole will be extremely small that the danger of it swallowing up the experiment, Europe or the entire universe is not possible. Recreating the moment after the start of the Big Bang in less then a billionth of a second will not create a black hole because it will eventually evaporate or decay.
The reason that the conditions or replicating the effects after the Big Bang are being recreated, through accelerating particles at almost the speed of light and recording these data’s it can be said that the Large Hadron Collider is like a telescope. As Galileo Galilei’s proposed the telescope to be an instrument for viewing distant objects with the collection of electromagnetic radiation. Much like telescopes, the LHC functions in similar manner in which it employs one or more optical elements to gather electromagnetic radiation where images can be observed and studied in computer. The LHC is compared to a telescope in that it is attempting to see the Big Bang. This in turn will produce new particles, such as the Higgs boson, which cannot be seen under normal conditions.
There are many theories purposed as to what will result from the collisions, but what is guaranteed from this accelerator is some understanding of the fundamental building block of all things and the universe. If nothing comes out of this experiment, it can also be something that physicist can work more towards. Answers to all these concerns can be addressed once the collider begins its operation. Only the experimental data reached by the LHC can push our knowledge forward and beyond the paradigm.
Physicist focus mainly on the energy rather then the speed of the particles and the graph above explain why that is the case. Speed and kinetic energy( k=1/2mv2), proposed by Newton, holds for speed that is less then the speed of light. The LHC will carryout particles that travel almost to the speed of light and so Einstein’s theory of special relativity, K=( g -1)mc2 is used.
For each collision physicist’s will characterize and record all the different particles that produced. The charge of the particles will be seen within the detector because the positive electric charge will bend in one direction where as the negative electric charge will bend the opposite direction. Also, particles at very high momentum will travel in almost straight path and particles with low momentum will spiral. This indicates the quantity of motion which is the product of the mass and velocity.
Works Sited:
LHC Desgin Report Volume 1. http://ab-div.web.cern.ch/ab-div/Publications/LHC-DesignReport.html
The Institute of Physics,2005.The Higgs Particle.http://www.einsteinyear.org/events/SN_higgs.pdf
O’Neil,Ian.February 7th 2008.Large Hadron Collider Could Create Wormholes:Gateway for Time Travelers?” http://www.universetoday.com/2008/02/07/large-hadron-collider-could-create-wormholes-a-gateway-for-time-travelers/
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